WORKHOUSE:

           Définition d'un Workhouse (foyer de travail):

          était un lieu qui accueillait au Royaume-Uni, les personnes incapables de subvenir seules à leur besoin.  Ils pouvaient y vivre en échange   de leur travail.

Ces foyers furent officiellement crées en 1834, par le Poor Law Amendment Act, mais existaient déjà depuis la old poor law de 1601.

Repas de la Workhouse:

Les registres de la Workhouse datant du 19ème siècle décrivent un régime austère : Les petits-déjeuners et soupers étaient composés de céréales ou de pain. Au déjeuner, on servait de la viande bouillie et des pommes de terre, ou du bouillon et du pain. Le samedi, les pensionnaires avaient droit à du pudding.

Les hommes et les femmes étaient séparés de leurs enfants et ils perdaient tout droit d'éducation sur eux. Ils étaient souvent de force envoyés en apprentissage sans la permission ou la connaissance de leurs parents. Les internés ont abandonné leurs propres vêtements et ont porté un uniforme distinctif.

A plan of a workhouse for 200 inmates:

andover: CLICK HER

   

Men and women were segregated and children were separated from their parents. Aged pauper couples who by definition were neither idle nor criminal were not allowed to share a bedroom. By entering a workhouse paupers were held to have forfeited responsibility for their children. Education was provided but pauper children were often forcibly apprenticed without the permission or knowledge of their parents. Inmates surrendered their own clothes and wore a distinctive uniform.

The workhouse system was the mainstay of poor relief through the Victorian era across the UK. Overall they were places of dread to the labouring and indigent poor. Reformers like Charles Booth and  Seebohm Rowntree revealed that there was widespread poverty in Victorian Britain and that the workhouse system was not helping. Books such as Charles Dicken's Oliver Twist highlighted workhouse abuse.

Some workhouse masters embezzled the money intended for blankets, food and other important items for their own personal use.

Visitors reported rooms full of sick or elderly inmates with threadbare blankets and the windows wide open to the freezing weather.Workhouse infirmaries did steadily improve.

Abolition:

The workhouse system underwent several administrative reforms and was abolished on 1st April 1930, being replaced by other social legislation for the unemployed and retired. Despite abolition, many workhouses continued into the 1950s under the local County Council.

FOOD IN THE WORKHOUSE:

Until 1842 all meals were taken in silence, and no cutlery was provided - inmates had to use their fingers. And the meals were kept dull, predictable and tasteless.

There were 6 official diets which were so meagre that they were described as "a slow process of starvation". A typical diet was: BREAKFAST 6 oz bread; DINNER 4 oz bacon and 3 oz bread or potatoes; SUPPER 6 oz bread and 2 oz cheese. [Note, oz is short for ounce, 1 ounce = 25 grams].

The official ration in HM Prisons was 292 ounces of food a week. The workhouse diet was between 137 and 182 ounces a week only.

A VERY SHORT HISTORY OF THE WORKHOUSE:

• The first legislation for providing relief to the poor were the Acts of 1572, 1597 and 1601.

• The 1601 POOR LAW ACT gave responsibility to local parishes for looking after very poor people, who were able to claim assistance from the parish's householders. Poor people were able to live at home when they were getting parish relief.

• With the 1834 POOR LAW AMENDMENT ACT people receiving help from the parish had to live in a workhouse and could no longer live at home. In return for parish relief, they would be made to work hard in the workhouse; which is how the term originated. The Act also allowed parishes to club together into unions responsible for building workhouses and for running them. In the next few years hundreds of workhouses were built at a typical cost to the union of £5,000.

• By 1926 there were 226,000 inmates and around 600 workhouses with an average population of about 400 inmates each.

• The 1929 LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACT abolished workhouses and their responsibilites were given to county borough & county councils.

BIOGRAPHY OF EDWARD HOPPER:

Hopper was born in upper Nyack in 1882, it was a painter realistic, his paint are marked by lonelyless, the melancholy and the isolation. Unlike many of his contemporaries who imitated the abstract cubist experiments, Hopper was attracted to realist art.

Hopper’s parents encouraged his art and kept him readily supplied with materials, instructional magazines, and illustrated books. By his teens, he was working in pen-and-ink, charcoal, watercolor, and oil—drawing from nature as well as making political cartoons. In 1895, he created his first signed oil painting, Rowboat in Rocky Cove: . Soon, however, he transferred to the far more prestigious New York Institute of Art and Design. There he studied for six years, with teachers including William Merritt Chase who instructed him in oil painting.He temporarily escaped by making three trips to Europe. He was influence by Vélasquez, Goya, Édouard Manet and Daumier.

Being a free-lancer, Hopper was forced to solicit for projects, and had to knock on the doors of magazine and agency offices to find business. In 1912, Hopper traveled to Gloucester, Massachusetts, to seek some inspiration and did his first outdoor paintings in America. He painted Squam Light, the first of many lighthouse paintings to come. In 1933, the Museum of Modern Art gave Hopper his first large-scale retrospective. Edward Hopper died in his studio near Washington Square in New York City in 1967. His wife, who died 10 months later.

• The same painting has also been cited as being an influence on the home in the Terrence Malick film Days of Heaven . His 1997 film The End of Violence incorporates a tableau vivant of Nighthawks, recreated by actors.

• Ridley Scott has cited the same painting as a visual inspiration for Blade Runner .

To establish the lighting of scenes in the 2002 film Road to Perdition, director Sam Mendes drew from the paintings of Hopper as a source of inspiration, particularly New York Movie.

• History of Paul and Susan:

• http://www.globalgallery.com/prod_images/hd-1003.jpg

      CAPE COD EVENING,1939, paint by Hopper:

     

• Once upon a time Susan, Paul and her dog Milo.

  It was the morning when she opened her eyes in her bed was unfrequented once upon more. Then, she put her black dress and saw the door open. She hastened and hung the dog Milo at top for go to seek his husband somewhere.

    Milo took Susan in the wood. She pushed a branch, Paul slept on the grass. Near Paul there was a woman who had long blond hair, who was about twenty-five years whereas Paul was fourty-six years old. Around us, there had more of ten bottle of beer. They slept such deeply that anybody could'nt wake up us. Then, she left this place, she was desperate because his husband had betray her.

  She was go home sadness. It was thirsty-five years that they was married. Susan was against the window and thought to what she will go to do. Paul arrived disengaged and set on the march out of their house. Susan was so hungry that she dared'nt say him that she saw him in the forest with an another.

  Before Paul arrived, doctor's Susan phone her for tell her that she was pregnant, her bosom and his abdomen was crossed. But his husband don't look at her for the last few years, because the day he went rabbit-shooting and the night he disappeared. Beforehand, he was nice and lovable.

  Whereas what did she musted to do?

Accomplished by Joe Wright with Keira Knightley, Matthew MacFadyen, American Brenda Blethyn Film.

Type: Love song, Lasted Comedy: 2 h 7min.

http://www.allocine.fr/video/player_gen_cmedia=18402741&cfilm=59068.html

www.allocine.fr/video/player_gen_cmedia=18407114&cfilm=59068.html

Pride and Prejudice:

It's my prefer film because it's a story of love enter Elizabeth "Lizzie" Bennet and Mrs Darcy. At the end of XVIIIè century in England, Mr and Mrs Bennet would bridegroom her five girls because the dosmene dilapidated. Jane seem prepared at be married Mr Bingley, a men wealthy who settled far. Lizzie, make knowledge of the pride Darcy, a friend of Mr Bingley. 

However, both will have to pass besides their arrogance and the poor interpretations which follow before falling in arms one of other one at the big surprise of Bennet.

Book drawn by the book: Pride and Prejudice of Jane Austeen         

THE STORY OF Pride and Pejudice:

Mr. Bennet, Mrs. Bennet, and their daughters, Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Kitty, and Lydia. The young man's critical status: single, is soon revealed, as well as his name: Mr. Charles Bingley. He appears, is very taken with Jane, and, obvious to all, enjoys himself and his new company. Contrarily, Bingley's two sisters and his close friend Mr. Darcy are obviously bored with the ball, which causes the local populace to view them as arrogant.

At social functions over subsequent weeks, Mr.Darcy finds himself unwillingly attracted to Elizabeth's charm and intelligence, but still considers her socially beneath him. Jane's friendship with Mr. Bingley and his sisters continues to develop, and Jane pays a visit to the Bingley mansion. On her way there she is caught in a downpour and catches cold, forcing her to stay at Netherfield for several days. In order to tend to Jane, Elizabeth walks to Netherfield and stays with during the course of her illness.

Shortly after Elizabeth and Jane return home, a Mr. Collins, Mr Bennet's cousin, pays a visit to their household. He is a young clergyman, and stands to inherit the Longbourn estate as Mr. Bennet has no direct male heir. Mrs. Bennet in particular resents him as the estate's future owner, but she changes her mind after he hints that he hopes to smooth over the issue of the entail by marrying one of the Bennet girls. A few days after his arrival, he proposes to Elizabeth, who turns him down because she finds him a pompous fool. Her father supports her but her mother is furious. Meanwhile, the Bennet girls have become friendly with nearby stationed militia officers, among whom is Wickham, a handsome young soldier who is friendly toward Elizabeth. He soon tells her how Darcy cruelly cheated him out of an inheritance, which only further ruins Mr. Darcy's reputation in Elizabeth's eyes.

At the beginning of winter, the Bingleys and Darcy suddenly leave Netherfield for London, much to Jane's dismay. A further shock arrives with the news that Mr. Collins has become engaged to Charlotte Lucas, Elizabeth's best friend. Charlotte explains to Elizabeth that she is getting older and needs to marry for financial reasons. After the wedding, Elizabeth promises to visit them at their new home. As winter progresses, Jane goes to London as well to visit their aunt and uncle, the Gardiners. Jane shares only one cold meeting with Miss Bingley, which confirms Jane and Elizabeth's suspicions that Mr. Bingley's family and friends did not approve of Jane's relationship with Mr. Bingley, presumably because of their differing social classes.

That spring, Elizabeth visits Charlotte and Mr. Collins, who live near the home of Mr. Collins's patron, Lady Catherine de Bourgh, who is also Darcy's aunt. Darcy comes to visit Lady Catherine during her visit and encounters Elizabeth, and they meet frequently over the following weeks. Just before he is due to leave, he makes an unexpected proposal of marriage to Elizabeth, in which he confesses he has been in love with her for some time. Elizabeth curtly refuses, supplying as her reasons for denial that she considers him arrogant, unpleasant, cruel for breaking up Bingley and Jane and disinheriting Wickham. Darcy, shocked by both her refusal and her accusations, delivers her a letter the next day in which he attempts to justify himself. Elizabeth learns that he did not realize that Jane was really in love with Bingley, and thought the match was being promoted mainly by Mrs. Bennet. As for Wickham, Elizabeth learns that he had been lying to her; that Darcy did fulfill his obligations regarding Wickham's inheritance, but Wickham continued to try to get money from him, most recently attempting to elope with his younger sister Georgiana.

This letter causes Elizabeth to reevaluate her opinion of both Darcy and Wickham. She returns home and acts coldly toward Wickham, who has begun pursuing another, richer girl. The militia is preparing to leave town, which makes the younger Bennet girls distraught. Lydia manages to obtain permission from her father to spend the summer in Brighton with the regiment, staying with a colonel whose wife is a friend of hers. Lydia leaves and, in June, Elizabeth goes on another trip, this time with the Gardiners. The trip takes her North, and eventually to the neighborhood of Pemberley, Darcy's estate, which the Gardiners want to visit. After making sure that Darcy is away, Elizabeth agrees to come, and she delights in the building and grounds, while hearing from Darcy's servants that he is a beloved and generous master. Darcy suddenly arrives home, and surprisingly behaves very cordially and seems to be trying to make a good impression, entertaining the Gardiners and introducing Elizabeth to his sister.

Two letters then arrive from home, telling Elizabeth that Lydia has eloped with Wickham, that the couple are nowhere to be found, and that they may not even be married. Dreading her family's disgrace, Elizabeth hastens home, but not before revealing the news to Mr. Darcy. Mr. Gardiner and Mr. Bennet go to London to search for Lydia, but Mr. Bennet eventually returns home empty-handed. Just when all hope seems lost, a letter comes from Mr. Gardiner saying that the couple has been found and Wickham has agreed to marry Lydia in exchange for a small annual income, which everyone assumes that Mr. Gardiner has agreed to pay. After their wedding, Wickham and Lydia briefly return to Longbourn. Before they depart for Wickham's new assignment in the North of England, Lydia drops a hint leading Elizabeth to discover that it was actually Darcy who found Lydia, paid off Wickham, and made the marriage possible. Elizabeth's opinion of Mr. Darcy has now changed completely, but she considers her response to Mr. Darcy's first proposal so hideous, she cannot he imagine he will do so again.

Shortly after, Bingley returns to Netherfield with Darcy and resumes his courtship of Jane. Darcy leaves, saying he will be back in a few weeks, and Bingley proposes to Jane. While the family celebrates, a rumor goes round about Darcy and Elizabeth, causing Lady Catherine de Bourgh to pay a visit to Longbourn. She corners Elizabeth, outlines the family objections to the match, and demands that she promise not to marry Darcy. Elizabeth spiritedly refuses to make any such promise, telling Lady Catherine that it is none of her business. Mr. Darcy comes back to Bingley's a few days later as planned, and as soon as he and Elizabeth are alone together, he renews his proposals and she accepts. Elizabeth's family and friends, still under the impression that she hated Mr. Darcy, are surprised, but eventually won over. Both Jane and Elizabeth are soon married.

The family Benet.

http://www.allocine.fr/video/player_gen_cmedia=18706587&cfilm=59564.html

http://www.allposters.fr/gallery.asp?aid=638542939&apnum=1809918&DestType=7&Referrer%20=http://www.allocine.fr/film/poster_gen_cfilm=59564.html&lang=2&GCID=C15100x052&KEYWORD=%5Bapnum%5D&SEM=item%3D1809918%26AID%3D638542939%26GCID%3DC15100x052%26keyword%3D%5Bapnum%5D%26lang%3D2

  Firstly the scene take place in the morning. Outside  the roooves in the suberbs, there had a man who was faintly lit. Harold Crick was asleep up to he been to wake by an alrm clock. Secondly, he went in the bathroom for to brush his of thirsty-twoo teeth seventy six times with his toothbrush. We saw he is a fussy. http://www.zakstudio.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/2008harrold-09-04_105835.png

Then, he went to get dressed, he did tie his tie fastidiously. He wore formal clothes. He is such methodical who he is a robot-like. He is an account,  because he keeps count and his problem its he heard the narrator speak during who he brush his teeth.

So consequently, he was extremely worried and surprised. Finally he sleep alone, he eat alone and he is eveytimes alone.